Unicast, Broadcasting and Multicasting

Multicasting

Hi, this tutorial I am going to give you a basic idea of Multicasting. Before go in to the multicasting it is essential to know the function of the other related routing schemes of multicasting; such as Broadcasting and Unicasting.

Broadcasting: Which is the most popular routing scheme for every one because ones the data traffic arrive to the node (router) the router will send many copies to every nodes (routers) connects to it(shown in figure 1.5.1.a). It makes every user to access the traffic.

Unicasting: In this method after receiving the traffic to the edge router, the traffic is forwarding to the desired user edge router only. This make only that connected router users only to access.

 

Multicasting: The idea of Multicasting is transmitting the data traffic to the selected groups as shown in the following figure. In computer networking, multicast is the delivery of a message or information to a group of destination computers simultaneously in a single transmission from the source creating copies automatically in other network elements, such as routers, only when the topology of the network requires it.

 

Multicast is most commonly implemented in IP multicast, which is often employed in IP applications of streaming media and Internet television. In IP multicast the implementation of the multicast concept occurs at the IP routing level, where routers create optimal distribution paths for datagram sent to a multicast destination address.

Hey, I think you guys got something for your knowledge. So please do some comments. I will be back with IP routing, Thank you

Internet access Technologies in Sri Lanka

 

Internet access Technologies in Sri Lanka

Broadband Technologies

ADSL - Uses typical twisted pair cable that come home. Maximum downstream up to 8 Mbps. Divide the voice and data signals on the telephone line into three frequency bands.

Internet Leased Line - Internet leased lines are usually available at speeds of 64k, 128k, 256k, and 512k, T1 or E1).

Optical Fiber - Technology which bring fiber step closer to the subscriber. In Sri Lanka vastly use in large organizations. Can go up to speed of up to 1 Gbps

HSPA - Supports data rates up to 27 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s in the uplink. In Sri Lanka do not provide unlimited packagers.

Wi-Max - Can go for over a much greater range.  Point-to-multi point: last-mile internet access.  People can go up to 52 Mbps. Good solution for the people who can’t get ADSL connection due to long distance.

LMDS - LMDS offers a microwave solution with a reduced cost per link. It transmits in a point to multi-point fashion over a wide coverage area.  LMDS channel is capable of 45 Mbps downstream.

CDMA - Can achieve maximum capacity of 2Mbps. Popular as wireless internet access technology in Sri Lanka.

Wi-Fi - Based on the IEEE 802.11x standard and transmitting in unlicensed spectrum at 2.4 GHz. support data rates up to 54 Mbps.

Narrow Technologies

Dial-up - Uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Use same frequency voice band of 0- 4 kHz. Few years ago very popular, but only can have 56 kbps.

ISDN - Much faster speed of 256 kbits/s. But not considered as broadband. Not popular because had to use separate equipments.

WAP - Most use of WAP involves accessing the mobile web from a mobile phone. People can’t go much capacity through this wireless mobile technology.

GPRS - Can achieve maximum speeds of up to 9.6 kbps. This is mobile wireless technology.  Mainly used   for web browsing.

Benefits of Bluetooth

Wireless - As you probably already know, there are many benefits and advantages to using wireless devices. Along with improving safety as a result of eliminating wires you don't need, wireless also offers you plenty of other advantages. When traveling with your laptop or other wireless devices, you'll no longer have to worry about bringing connection cables.

Bluetooth is actually inexpensive - The technology of Bluetooth is cheap for companies to implement, which results in lower costs for the company. These savings are then passed from the company on to you.

 Bluetooth is automatic - Bluetooth doesn't have you set up a connection or push any buttons. When two or more devices enter a range of up to 30 feet of each other, they will automatically begin to communicate without you having to do anything.

Standardized protocol - Bluetooth is standardized wireless, meaning that a high level of compatibility among devices is guaranteed. Bluetooth will connect devices to each other, even if they aren't the same model.

Low interference - Bluetooth devices almost always avoid interference from other wireless devices. Bluetooth uses a technique known as frequency hopping, and also low power wireless signals.

Low energy consumption - As a result of Bluetooth using low power signals, the technology requires very little energy and will use less battery or electrical power as a result. This is an excellent benefit for mobile devices, as Bluetooth won't drain the battery.

Sharing voice and data - The standard for Bluetooth will allow compatible devices to share data and voice communications. This is great for mobile phones and headsets, as Bluetooth simplifies driving and talking on your cell phone.

Instant PAN (Personal Area Network) - You can connect up to seven Bluetooth devices to each other within a range of up to 30 feet, forming a piconet or PAN. For a single room, you can also set up multiple piconets.

Upgradeable - Upgradeable is the standard for Bluetooth. There are newer versions of Bluetooth in the works, which offer many new advantages and backward compatible with older versions.

The technology stays - Bluetooth technology is a worldwide, universal wireless standard. With it being as popular as it is, you can count on it being around for years to come. As more and more devices start to use Bluetooth technology, more manufacturers will be eager to make their products compatible. A chain reaction will occur, making Bluetooth the standard for cutting edge wireless.